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M2. 03 grenade launcher - Wikipedia. The M2. 03 is a single- shot 4. It uses the same rounds as the older stand- alone M7. High- Low Propulsion System to keep recoil forces low. Quite versatile, and compatible with many rifle models, the M2. U. S. M1. 6 and its variant, the M4 Carbine. The launcher can also be mounted onto a C7, a Canadian version of the M1. Stand- alone variants of the M2. The device attaches under the barrel, the launcher trigger being in the rear of the launcher, just forward of the rifle magazine. The rifle magazine functions as a hand grip when firing the M2. A separate sighting system is added to rifles fitted with the M2. The version fitted to the Canadian C7 has a sight attached to the side of the launcher, either on the left or right depending on the user's needs. History. The M2. 03 has been in service since 1. However, while the M7. M2. 03 was designed as an under- barrel device attached to an existing rifle. Because the size and weight of 4. The United States Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast Guard, and Navy will continue to use the older M2. The round is designed to be effective at breaking through windows and exploding inside, blowing up doors, producing multiple casualties, destroying bunkers or emplacements, and damaging or disabling soft- skinned vehicles. In the Vietnam war, U. S. Navy and Coast Guard personnel on boats would lob 4. M7. 9 grenade launcher), to preemptively attack Viet Cong swimmers (. A well- trained M2. In addition, the M2. M6. 51 Tactical CS (tear gas) grenade. Classified as an anti- personnel weapon, the M2. The M2. 03 is able to fire a variety of different rounds for many purposes. ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM 3- 2. MM GRENADE LAUNCHER, M2. The cartridges are, from left to right, multiple projectile, practice, green star flare, white star flare, red star flare and high explosive dual purpose.(M4. High- Explosive. The HEDP round has an olive drab aluminum skirt with a steel cup attached, white markings, and a gold ogive (head of the round). It penetrates at least 5 cm (2 inches) when fired straight at steel armor at 1. The HE round has an olive drab aluminum skirt with a steel projectile attached, gold markings, and a yellow ogive. It arms between 1. This round is white impact or bar alloy aluminum, with black markings. It is used for illumination and signals and is lighter and more accurate than comparable handheld signal rounds. The parachute attached to the round deploys upon ejection to lower the candle at 7 feet per second. The candle burns for about 4. A raised letter on the top of the round denotes the color of the parachute. This round is white impact or bar aluminum alloy, with black markings. The attached plastic ogive has five raised dots for night identification. The round is used for illumination or signals.
Are updates available for your software? Download trial here and take the test!It is lighter and more accurate than comparable handheld signal rounds. The individual stars burn for about 7 seconds during free fall. This round is light green impact aluminum with black markings. Nick gracza Wynik Czas gry; ILovePoland :D: 6 frag It is used for aerial identification and for marking the location of soldiers on the ground. It arms between 1. If a fuse fails to function on impact, the output mixture provided in the front end of the delay casing backs up the impact feature. The color of the ogive indicates the color of the smoke. Used for practice, this round is blue zinc or aluminum, with white markings. It produces a yellow or orange signature on impact, arms between 1. This round is gray aluminum with a green casing and black markings. Though it is a multipurpose round, it is most effective for riot control and in Urban Operations. It arms between 1. CS gas on impact. This round is olive drab with black markings. Though it is a multipurpose round, it is most effective in thick vegetated areas or for room clearing. Inside, it has 2. The round has no mechanical- type fuse. M2. 03s can also come with quadrant sights, mounting to a MIL- STD 1. Rail, or to the carrying handle of an M1. Variants. These vary chiefly in the length of the barrel, attachment type, and quick detach (QD) capability. The standard M2. 03 is intended for permanent attachment to the M1. A1, M1. 6A2 and M1. A3 rifles, and utilizes a 1. The M2. 03 unmodified to an A1/A2 series will not fit on the M4 Carbine series. The U. S. M2. 03. A1 has a barrel of 1. SOPMOD M2. 03. A1 has a 9- inch barrel. The M2. 03. A1 is intended for use with the M4 and M4. A1 Carbine, and uses a special bracket mount consisting of three screws and lacing wire. Only M2. 03. A2's consist of a Quick Release Bracket. The Canadian M2. 03. A1 by Diemaco (now Colt Canada) is a similar design with a different mounting system that does not require mounting points of the same profile as the M1. A1 rifle's. Using standard 1. Knight's Armament Company M5 RAS. The M5 MWS Rail System became authorized in December 2. M1. 6A2 Rifle. An advantage of this system is the use of range- finding optics to make precise targeting easier. The M2. 03. PI system is used for attachment of the M2. Steyr AUG, Heckler & Koch G3 and other rifles, and even the MP5 sub- machine gun. Most of these other companies have since devised 4. The M2. 03 DAX has a double- action trigger and longer breech opening to accommodate less- lethal rounds. The M2. 03 and M2. A1 are currently manufactured by AIRTRONIC USA, Inc. Department of Defense under contract numbers W5. H0. 9- 0. 6- D- 0. W5. 2H0. 9- 0. 6- D- 0. Each contract is for up to 1. Each unit is shipped with hand guard, leaf sight and quadrant range sight. The contracts unit prices vary from $8. The production rate is 1,5. The M2. 03. PI is manufactured for both the U. S. Department of Defense and for commercial sales to law enforcement agencies both in the United States and abroad, and for foreign military sales by RM- Equipment Inc. M2. 03s are on the civilian NFA market but are limited as most manufacturers have quit selling to the civilian markets. New M2. 03 Launchers sell for approximately $2,0. March 2. 01. 1. High explosive 4. Destructive Device on its own, and must be registered with the Federal government, requiring payment of a $2. There are also sub- caliber adapters available for the 4. M2. 03 (and M7. 9) grenade launchers, which will allow the use of standard 1. ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM 3- 2. MM GRENADE LAUNCHER, M2. Weapon. Length: Rifle and grenade launcher (overall)............ Barrel only................................ Rifling...................................... Weight: Launcher, unloaded......................... Launcher, loaded........................... Rifle and grenade launcher, both fully loaded... Number of lands.............................. Ammunition. Caliber...................................... Weight....................................... About 2. 27 grams (8 ounces)c. Operational Characteristics. Action....................................... Single shot. Sights: Front..................................... Leaf sight assembly. Rear...................................... Quadrant sight. Chamber pressure............................. Muzzle velocity............................... Maximum range............................... About 4. 00 meters (1,3. Maximum effective range: Fire- team sized area target................ Vehicle or weapon point target............. Minimum safe firing range (HE): Training................................... Combat................................... Minimum arming range......................... About 1. 4 to 3. 8 meters (4. Rate of fire................................... Minimum combat load.......................... HE rounds. Note: some data differs for versions that attach to the M4 Carbine. The 4. 0 mm grenades used in the M2. Marine takes aim with an M1. A2 fitted with the M2. M4 carbine w/ M2. A1 (9. Archived from the original on November 2. Retrieved 5 November 2. Retrieved 5 November 2. Archived from the original on February 8, 2. Retrieved 5 November 2. ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM 3- 2. MM GRENADE LAUNCHER, M2. U. S. ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM 3- 2. MM GRENADE LAUNCHER, M2. U. S. ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM 3- 2. MM GRENADE LAUNCHER, M2. U. S. ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM 3- 2. MM GRENADE LAUNCHER, M2. U. S. ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM 3- 2. MM GRENADE LAUNCHER, M2. Retrieved 5 November 2. Retrieved on January 5, 2. Retrieved 5 November 2. Retrieved 3 November 2. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2. Jane's Information Group; 3. January 2. 7, 2. 00. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 7. Retrieved 5 November 2. Retrieved 5 November 2. Retrieved 5 November 2. Jane's Information Group. 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In 1. 20. 8 Innocent's papal legate Pierre de Castelnau was murdered while returning to Rome after excommunicating Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, who, in his view, was too lenient with the Cathars. Pope Innocent III then abandoned the option of sending Catholic missionaries and jurists, declared Pierre de Castelnau a martyr and launched the Albigensian Crusade which all but ended Catharism. Origins. The name of Bulgarians (Bougres) was also applied to the Albigensians, and they maintained an association with the similar Christian movement of the Bogomils (. These are probably the same Cathari who are mentioned in Canon 8 of the First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in the year 3. Conclusions about Cathar ideology continue to be fiercely debated with commentators regularly accusing their opponents of speculation, distortion and bias. Tectonic refers to the art and science of structure and was chosen to emphasize the company’s interest in construction– how things are made, and. CheatBook is the resource for the latest Cheats, Hints, FAQ and Walkthroughs, Cheats, codes, hints, games. There are a few texts from the Cathars themselves which were preserved by their opponents (the Rituel Cathare de Lyon) which give a glimpse of the inner workings of their faith, but these still leave many questions unanswered. One large text which has survived, The Book of Two Principles (Liber de duobus principiis), elaborates the principles of dualistic theology from the point of view of some of the Albanenses Cathars. In the Languedoc and northern Italy, the Cathars attained their greatest popularity, surviving in the Languedoc, in much reduced form, up to around 1. Italian cities until the Inquisitions of the 1. Chesterton, the English Roman Catholic author, claimed: . The huge early heresies, like the Albigenses, had not the faintest excuse in moral superiority. St Bernard of Clairvaux, for instance, although opposed to the Cathars, said of them in Sermon 6. Song of Songs: If you question the heretic about his faith, nothing is more Christian; if about his daily converse, nothing more blameless; and what he says he proves by his actions .. As regards his life and conduct, he cheats no one, pushes ahead of no one, does violence to no one. Moreover, his cheeks are pale with fasting; he does not eat the bread of idleness; he labours with his hands and thus makes his living. Women are leaving their husbands, men are putting aside their wives, and they all flock to those heretics! Clerics and priests, the youthful and the adult among them, are leaving their congregations and churches and are often found in the company of weavers of both sexes. When Bishop Fulk of Toulouse, a key leader of the anti- Cathar persecutions, excoriated the Languedoc Knights for not pursuing the heretics more diligently, he received the reply: We cannot. We have been reared in their midst. We have relatives among them and we see them living lives of perfection. Sacraments. This involved a brief spiritual ceremony to remove all sin from the believer and to induct him or her into the next higher level as a perfect. Unlike the Roman Catholic sacrament of Penance, the Consolamentum could be taken only once. Thus it has been alleged that many believers would eventually receive the Consolamentum as death drew near, performing the ritual of liberation at a moment when the heavy obligations of purity required of Perfecti would be temporally short. Some of those who received the sacrament of the consolamentum upon their death- beds may thereafter have shunned further food or drink in order to speed death. This has been termed the endura. Catharism has been seen as giving women the greatest opportunities for independent action since women were found as being believers as well as Perfecti, who were able.Other than at such moments of extremis, little evidence exists to suggest this was a common Cathar practice. The Cathars also refused the Catholic Sacrament of the eucharist saying that it could not possibly be the body of Christ. They also refused to partake in the practice of Baptism by water. The following two quotes are taken from the Catholic Inquisitor. Bernard Gui's experiences with the Cathar practices and beliefs: Then they attack and vituperate, in turn, all the sacraments of the Church, especially the sacrament of the eucharist, saying that it cannot contain the body of Christ, for had this been as great as the largest mountain Christians would have entirely consumed it before this. They assert that the host comes from straw, that it passes through the tails of horses, to wit, when the flour is cleaned by a sieve (of horse hair); that, moreover, it passes through the body and comes to a vile end, which, they say, could not happen if God were in it. Of baptism, they assert that the water is material and corruptible and is therefore the creation of the evil power, and cannot sanctify the spirit, but that the churchmen sell this water out of avarice, just as they sell earth for the burial of the dead, and oil to the sick when they anoint them, and as they sell the confession of sins as made to the priests. Theology. According to some of their contemporary enemies Cathars did not accept the Trinitarian understanding of Jesus, but considered him the human form of an angel similar to Docetic Christology. Zo. The Cathars taught that to regain angelic status one had to renounce the material self completely. Until one was prepared to do so, he/she would be stuck in a cycle of reincarnation, condemned to live on the corrupt Earth. The alleged sacred texts of the Cathars besides the New Testament, include The Gospel of the Secret Supper, or John's Interrogation and The Book of the Two Principles. Consequently, abstention from all animal food (sometimes exempting fish) was enjoined of the Perfecti. The Perfecti avoided eating anything considered to be a by- product of sexual reproduction. War and capital punishment were also condemned. In a world where few could read, their rejection of oath- taking marked them as social outcasts. Cathars also rejected marriage. Their theology was based principally on the belief that the physical world, including the flesh, was irredeemably evil. Therefore, reproduction was viewed by them as a moral evil to be avoided. It was claimed by their opponents that, given this loathing for procreation, they generally resorted to sodomy. Such was the situation that a charge of heresy leveled against a suspected Cathar was usually dismissed if the accused could show he was legally married. Painting by Pedro Berruguete. Organization. By about 1. It created a number of bishoprics, first at Albi around 1. Council at Saint- F. Bishops were supported by their two assistants: a filius maior (typically the successor) and a filius minor, who were further assisted by deacons. The perfecti were the spiritual elite, highly respected by many of the local people, leading a life of austerity and charity. In the apostolic fashion they ministered to the people and travelled in pairs. Role of women and gender. In this group, women appear to be nearly as numerous as men. Catharism has been seen as giving women the greatest opportunities for independent action since women were found as being believers as well as Perfecti, who were able to administer the sacrament of the consolamentum. The Cathars believed that one would be repeatedly reincarnated until one commits to the self- denial of the material world, which meant that a man could be reincarnated as a woman and vice versa, thereby rendering gender completely meaningless. The spirit was of utmost importance to the Cathars and was described as being immaterial and sexless. Because of this belief, the Cathars saw women equally capable of being spiritual leaders, which undermined the very concept of gender as held by the Catholic Church and did not go unnoticed. The women that were accused of being heretics in early medieval Christianity included those labeled Gnostics, Cathars, and Beguines, as well as several other groups that were sometimes . The Cathars, like the Gnostics who preceded them, assigned more importance to the role of Mary Magdalene in the spread of early Christianity than the Church previously did. Her vital role as a teacher contributed to the Cathar belief that women could serve as spiritual leaders. Women were found to be included in the Perfecti in significant numbers, with numerous receiving the consolamentum after being widowed. Having reverence for the Gospel of John, the Cathars saw Mary Magdalene as perhaps even more important than Saint Peter, the founder of the Church. The Cathar movement proved to be extremely successful in gaining female followers because of its proto- feminist teachings along with the general feeling of exclusion from the Catholic church. Catharism attracted numerous women with the promise of a sacerdotal role that the Catholic Church did not allow. Catharism let women become a perfect of the faith, a position of far more prestige than anything the Church offered. These female perfects were required to adhere to a strict and ascetic lifestyle, but were still able to have their own houses. Although many women found something attractive in Catharism, not all found its teachings convincing. A notable example is Hildegard of Bingen, who in 1. Cathars in Cologne. During this speech, Hildegard announced a state of eternal punishment and damnation to all those who accepted Cathar beliefs. While women perfects rarely traveled to preach the faith, they still played a vital role in the spreading of the Catharism by establishing group homes for women. Though it was extremely uncommon, there were isolated cases of female Cathars departing from their homes to spread the faith. In the Cathar group homes, women were educated in the faith and these women would go on to bear children who would then also become believers. Through this pattern the faith grew exponentially through the efforts of women as each generation passed. Among some groups of Cathars there were even more women than there were men. Despite women having an instrumental role in the growing of the faith, misogyny was not completely absent from the Cathar movement. Some seemingly misogynistic Cathar beliefs include that one's last incarnation had to be experienced as a man to break the cycle. This belief was inspired by later French Cathars, which taught that women must be reborn as men in order to achieve salvation. Another one is that the sexual allure of women impedes man's ability to reject the material world. Toward the end of the Cathar movement, French Catharism became more misogynistic and started the practice of excluding women perfects. However, the influence of these type of misogynistic beliefs and practices remained rather limited on the whole of Catharism as later Italian perfects still included women. Suppression. The few isolated successes of Bernard of Clairvaux could not obscure the poor results of this mission, which clearly showed the power of the sect in the Languedoc at that period. The missions of Cardinal Peter of St. Chrysogonus to Toulouse and the Toulousain in 1. Henry of Marcy, cardinal- bishop of Albano, in 1. Henry's armed expedition, which took the stronghold at Lavaur, did not extinguish the movement. Decisions of Catholic Church councils. When Pope Innocent III came to power in 1. At first Innocent tried peaceful conversion, and sent a number of legates into the Cathar regions. They had to contend not only with the Cathars, the nobles who protected them, and the people who respected them, but also with many of the bishops of the region, who resented the considerable authority the Pope had conferred upon his legates. In 1. 20. 4, Innocent III suspended a number of bishops in Occitania; in 1. Toulouse, the former troubadour. Foulques. In 1. 20. Diego of Osma and his canon, the future Saint Dominic, began a programme of conversion in Languedoc; as part of this, Catholic- Cathar public debates were held at Verfeil, Servian, Pamiers, Montr. He concluded that only preachers who displayed real sanctity, humility and asceticism could win over convinced Cathar believers. The institutional Church as a general rule did not possess these spiritual warrants. His conviction led eventually to the establishment of the Dominican Order in 1. The order was to live up to the terms of his famous rebuke, . Dominic managed only a few converts among the Cathari. Albigensian Crusade. Known for excommunicating noblemen who protected the Cathars, Castelnau excommunicated Raymond for abetting heresy following an allegedly fierce argument during which Raymond supposedly threatened Castelnau with violence. Shortly thereafter, Castelnau was murdered as he returned to Rome, allegedly by a knight in the service of Count Raymond. His body was returned and laid to rest in the Abbey at Saint Gilles. As soon as he heard of the murder, the Pope ordered the legates to preach a crusade against the Cathars and wrote a letter to Philip Augustus, King of France, appealing for his intervention. This was not the first appeal but some see the murder of the legate as a turning point in papal policy. Others claim it as a fortuitous event in allowing the Pope to excite popular opinion and to renew his pleas for intervention in the south. The chronicler of the crusade which followed, Peter of Vaux de Cernay, portrays the sequence of events in such a way that, having failed in his effort to peaceably demonstrate the errors of Catharism, the Pope then called a formal crusade, appointing a series of leaders to head the assault. The French King refused to lead the crusade himself, and could not spare his son to do so either. Philip did however sanction the participation of some of his more bellicose and ambitious. There followed twenty years of war against the Cathars and their allies in the Languedoc: the Albigensian Crusade. This war pitted the nobles of the north of France against those of the south. The widespread northern enthusiasm for the Crusade was partially inspired by a papal decree permitting the confiscation of lands owned by Cathars and their supporters. This not only angered the lords of the south but also the French King, who was at least nominally the suzerain of the lords whose lands were now open to despoliation and seizure. Philip Augustus wrote to Pope Innocent in strong terms to point this out. As the Languedoc was supposedly teeming with Cathars and Cathar sympathisers, this made the region a target for northern French noblemen looking to acquire new fiefs. The barons of the north headed south to do battle. Their first target was the lands of the Trencavel, powerful lords of Albi, Carcassonne and the Razes. Little was thus done to form a regional coalition and the crusading army was able to take Carcassonne, the Trencavel capital, incarcerating Raymond Roger Trencavel in his own citadel where he died, allegedly of natural causes; champions of the Occitan cause from that day to this believe he was murdered. Simon de Montfort was granted the Trencavel lands by the Pope and did homage for them to the King of France, thus incurring the enmity of Peter II of Aragon who had held aloof from the conflict, even acting as a mediator at the time of the siege of Carcassonne. The remainder of the first of the two Cathar wars now essentially focused on Simon's attempt to hold on to his fabulous gains through winters where he was faced, with only a small force of confederates operating from the main winter camp at Fanjeaux, with the desertion of local lords who had sworn fealty to him out of necessity. Antonin and on the banks of the Rhone at Beaucaire. Simon's greatest triumph was the victory against superior numbers at the Battle of Muret. This was in the medium and longer term of much greater significance to the royal house of France than it was to de Montfort. The Battle of Muret was a massive step in the creation of the unified French kingdom and the country we know today. In the first significant engagement of the war, the town of B. The Catholic inhabitants of the city were granted the freedom to leave unharmed, but many refused and opted to stay and fight alongside the Cathars. The Cathars spent much of 1. Arnaud- Amaury, the Cistercian abbot- commander, is supposed to have been asked how to tell Cathars from Catholics. His reply, recalled by Caesarius of Heisterbach, a fellow Cistercian, thirty years later was . Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius. Reportedly, 7,0. 00 people died there. Elsewhere in the town, many more thousands were mutilated and killed. Prisoners were blinded, dragged behind horses, and used for target practice. What remained of the city was razed by fire. Arnaud- Amaury wrote to Pope Innocent III, . Prominent opponents of the Crusaders were Raymond Roger Trencavel, viscount of Carcassonne, and his feudal overlord Peter II, the king of Aragon, who held fiefdoms and had a number of vassals in the region. Peter died fighting against the crusade on 1. September 1. 21. 3 at the Battle of Muret. Simon de Montfort was killed on 2. June 1. 21. 8 after maintaining a siege of Toulouse for nine months. The independence of the princes of the Languedoc was at an end. But in spite of the wholesale massacre of Cathars during the war, Catharism was not yet extinguished and Catholic forces would continue to pursue Cathars. In 1. 21. 5, the bishops of the Catholic Church met at the Fourth Council of the Lateran under Pope Innocent III; part of the agenda was combating the Cathar heresy. The Inquisition was established in 1. Cathars. Operating in the south at Toulouse, Albi, Carcassonne and other towns during the whole of the 1. Catharism as a popular movement and driving its remaining adherents underground. Cathars who refused to recant were hanged, or burnt at the stake. From May 1. 24. 3 to March 1. Cathar fortress of Monts. On 1. 6 March 1. 24. Cathar Perfects were burnt in an enormous pyre at the prat dels cremats (. Moreover, the Church decreed lesser chastisements against laymen suspected of sympathy with Cathars, at the 1. Council of Narbonne. It is widely held in the Cathar region to this day that the escapees took with them le tr. What this treasure consisted of has been a matter of considerable speculation: claims range from sacred Gnostic texts to the Cathars' accumulated wealth, which might have included the Holy Grail (see the Section on Historical Scholarship, below). Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger- Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne and Bernard D. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The parfaits it was said only rarely recanted, and hundreds were burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while. Annihilation. The leader of a Cathar revival in the Pyrenean foothills, Peire Autier was captured and executed in April 1. Toulouse. After 1. Inquisition contain very few proceedings against Cathars. The last known Cathar perfectus in the Languedoc, Guillaume B. Download Toeic Mastery Full Crack / djringtonedownloadfree. Facebook runs a Puzzle server to allow computer programmers to test their skills. Campbell then told the justices that since the matter was of . By divesting at least part of its x. 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